🔍 PaperTrail StyleMatch™  ·  $1.99/mo

This doesn't sound
like them.

StyleMatch compares a student's known in-class writing against submitted work across seven research-based stylometric metrics — the same signals forensic linguists have used for decades. All analysis runs in your browser. No text ever leaves your device.

Submitted work fills directly from the open Google Doc — one click Controlled sample pasted in by the teacher from any in-class writing All seven metrics computed locally — no text transmitted, ever Printable Authorship Consistency Report for documentation Built on peer-reviewed stylometric research, cited in every report
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PaperTrail StyleMatch
Revision analysis & authorship comparison
Student Name
Emma Kowalski
Student ID
2841-K
Date
3/10/2026
Teacher Name
Optional
Course
Optional
Assignment
Optional
📄 Submitted Work 1766 words
✓ Fill from open doc
To what extent is interpretation a reliable tool in the production of knowledge? To say that all knowledge must be interpreted holds true in many regards. From the perspective of a knower, knowledge is not inherent in any object, speech, or piece of literature…
✏️ Controlled Sample 1861 words
…which that knowledge is produced and interpreted. Furthermore, it questions whether a deeper understanding is necessarily a better one. Context, here, extends beyond simply referring to background information and can be understood as the historical and methodological frameworks…
🔍 Run StyleMatch
?
Workflow

Two samples. Seven metrics. One report.

StyleMatch is designed around how teachers actually work — the submitted document is already open in Google Docs, and the controlled sample is whatever in-class writing you have on hand.

1

Open the submitted work

Open the student's submitted Google Doc. Click Fill from open doc in the StyleMatch sidebar — the submitted work populates automatically from the active document.

No copy-pasting. No file uploads. One click fills the field directly from the document you're reviewing.

2

Paste the controlled sample

Paste any in-class writing you have from the same student into the Controlled Sample field — a timed in-class essay, a Google Classroom response, a previous assignment.

The controlled sample is the anchor. The closer in genre to the submitted work, the stronger the signal on function words and discourse markers.

3

Run StyleMatch & read the report

Seven metrics compute instantly in your browser. A printable Authorship Consistency Report is generated with a rating per metric, the raw numbers, and plain-language research context for each metric.

The report is designed to be documentable — something you can save, print, or share with a department head before a student conversation.

The Research Basis

These aren't invented signals.
They're established science.

Every metric in StyleMatch is drawn from peer-reviewed stylometric and computational linguistics research. These are the same signals used in authorship attribution studies, forensic linguistics, and academic integrity research. The citations appear in every report we generate — not as decoration, but because you should know what you're looking at.

Stylometric analysis has been used in academic and legal contexts for decades. Function words in particular — the the, and, of, in that writers use without thinking — are among the most stable and reliable authorship signals in free prose precisely because no one writes them deliberately.

Grammatical Function Words
Function-word frequencies are the core signal of computational stylistics
Burrows, J. "Delta: A Measure of Stylistic Difference." Literary and Linguistic Computing, 2002. StyleMatch compares 120 function words by cosine similarity (Markov, Stamatatos & Sidorov, 2018).
Punctuation Fingerprint
Punctuation habits are largely unconscious and writer-stable
Koppel, Schler & Argamon. "Computational Methods in Authorship Attribution." JASIST 60:1, 2009. Comma, semicolon, em-dash, colon, !, ? rates per 1,000 characters.
Discourse-Marker Position
Where a writer places connectives is a positional habit, separate from how often
Hyland, K. Metadiscourse. Continuum, 2005, on the positional patterning of metadiscourse. Start, middle or end of the sentence, for each of 30 markers.
Discourse Marker Profile
How a writer structures argument reflects individual rhetorical habit
Hyland, K. Metadiscourse. Continuum, 2005. Frequency profile over 30 connectives and stance markers; most interpretable when both samples are the same genre.
🔍 PaperTrail StyleMatch — Authorship Consistency Report
Controlled Sample: 1,861 words  ·  Submitted Work: 1,766 words  ·  Generated: 3/10/2026, 2:14 PM
Emma KowalskiStudent Name
2841-KStudent ID
IB English HLCourse
Stylometric Metrics — Side by Side 1 within range · 5 notable · 1 outside range · no overall score
Avg Sentence Length
21.4 words vs 22.9 words
89% Within range
Avg gap: 1.5 words per sentence.
Sentence Rhythm
SD 8.1 vs SD 11.2
61% Notable
SD gap: 3.1 words — the submitted work mixes short and long sentences more than the controlled sample.
Discourse-Marker Position
14 position patterns vs 22 position patterns
34% Outside range
Submitted work opens sentences with “However,” and “Furthermore,”; the controlled sample places connectives mid-sentence.
Sentence Length Profile
9 length buckets vs 9 length buckets
73% Notable
Similar averages, but the submitted work has more sentences over 30 words.
Punctuation Fingerprint
C 6.1‰ · S 0.1‰ · D 0.0‰ vs C 11.4‰ · S 0.4‰ · D 0.6‰
67% Notable
Comma rate nearly double in the submitted work; dashes appear only in the submission.
Discourse Marker Profile
because, since, thus vs however, furthermore, additionally
58% Notable
The submitted work leans on additive connectives; the controlled sample on causal ones.
Grammatical Function Words
Top variant: of, in, that vs Top variant: of, in, that
71% Notable
Largest frequency gaps between the two samples. Small absolute differences matter here.

Report generates instantly in the sidebar.
Print or save as PDF for documentation.

What StyleMatch Measures

Seven metrics. All of them established.

Every metric was selected because it's stable within a writer, difficult to consciously replicate, and grounded in published research. The report explains each one — so you understand what you're looking at, not just whether a number is red or green.

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Grammatical Function Words

How often the writer uses 120 small grammatical words — the, and, of, in, that and so on — compared by cosine similarity. These words are used unconsciously and are among the most reliable stylometric signals known. Writers cannot easily change their function word profile even when they try.

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Discourse Markers: Profile + Position

Two readings over 30 connectives and stance markers — however, therefore, furthermore, suggests: how often each is used, and where it sits in the sentence. Reflects how a writer structures argument and signals reasoning. Strong signal for same-genre comparisons; the report flags when genres differ.

,

Punctuation Fingerprint

Comma, semicolon, em-dash, colon, exclamation, and question mark rates per 1,000 characters. Punctuation habits are largely unconscious — most people don't know how often they use a semicolon, which makes it a surprisingly strong authorship signal.

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Sentence Length, Rhythm + Profile

Three readings: the average sentence length, how much it varies (rhythm), and the shape of the length distribution across nine buckets. Two writers can share an average and still differ in rhythm, and share both and still differ in shape.

How divergence ratings work
Within range
The reading sits where same-author pairs usually fall.
Notable
Between the same-author and different-author ranges. May reflect genre, topic or context — a question, not a finding.
Outside range
Where different-author pairs usually fall. Worth a conversation with the student, alongside the other evidence.
How to read the report
No single metric is decisive. The report is designed to be read as a pattern — mostly Within range alongside one Outside range reading tells a different story than six Outside range readings.
Genre matters. Function words and discourse markers are strongest when both samples are the same genre. The report flags when they're not.
The report is a data point, not a verdict. It is designed to support an informed educator conversation — never to replace it.
Honest Limitations

What StyleMatch can't tell you

StyleMatch gives you a structured, repeatable data point. It's not a verdict machine, and we've deliberately designed it not to be one. Here's what to keep in mind.

📝 Genre differences inflate divergence

Function words and discourse markers perform best when both samples are the same genre. A timed in-class response compared against a polished analytical essay will show divergence on these metrics regardless of authorship. The report flags this — but you need to account for it.

→Use in-class writing of the same genre as your controlled sample when possible. Then read function-word and discourse-marker results with the genre difference in mind.

📏 Short samples reduce reliability

A minimum of 500 words per sample is required. Below that, statistical noise dominates. Even above 500, shorter samples produce wider confidence intervals — a 600-word sample is less reliable than a 1,200-word one.

→Longer controlled samples produce more reliable baselines. Multi-paragraph in-class responses work better than short answers.

⚖️ Divergence isn't authorship proof

An Outside range reading means the metric differs substantially between samples — not that the student didn't write it. Heavy editing, collaborative revision, significant time between samples, or genuine writing development can all produce divergence.

→The report is a starting point for a conversation, supported by Inspect revision data. Never use it as the sole basis for an academic integrity decision.

When StyleMatch raises a question
you want to go deeper

StyleMatch gives you seven metrics and a printable report. When you want AI-assisted sentence-level analysis — or follow-up questions to use in the student conversation — Verify takes it further. Both tools are in the same extension.

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No text transmitted

All seven metrics compute entirely in your browser. Student writing never leaves your device — not to PaperTrail, not anywhere.

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No student accounts

Students never interact with PaperTrail. No logins, no sign-ups, no data of any kind collected from students.

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Client-side only

StyleMatch is pure browser computation. The only thing that leaves your device is the report you choose to print or save yourself.

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FERPA & PIPEDA conscious

Designed with North American school privacy requirements in mind. No advertising, no data resale, no third-party tracking.

Start with Inspect free. Unlock StyleMatch when you're ready.

Install the extension, run Inspect on any student document, and activate StyleMatch when you have an in-class sample to compare against. One extension. Three tools.

⬇ Add PaperTrail to Chrome
Inspect is always free StyleMatch $1.99/mo or $19.99/yr All analysis stays in your browser